Einstein was right, No Faster than Light

GENEVA - The research team led ICARUS Carlo Rubia who re-neutrino experiment found that neutrinos could not move faster than the speed of light.

"The results are very reassuring and told us that there was something wrong with the findings of OPERA," Rubia said as quoted by AP, Friday (16/03/2012).

September 2011, the team joined in the experiment Oscillation Project with Emulsion-Tracking Apparatus (OPERA) found that exceeding the speed of light neutrinos (300 km/sec).

Neutrinos are elementary particles with very small masses. These particles are created by radioactive decay, fusion reactions that occur in the sun or a nuclear reactor or when cosmic rays hit a group of atoms.

In a study conducted at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, Italy, at a depth of 1,400 meters, the researchers tested the neutrinos fired from the Laboratory of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland.

The team found that the neutrino moving OPERA 60 nanoseconds faster than light. The findings are alarming because Albert Einstein stated that no particles are moving faster than light.

Some researchers doubt the findings and consider the impossible. Many people who mention the existence of errors in both instruments and research procedures.

Another research team then tried to re-do the experiment to prove the truth of the OPERA team. One team made efforts to prove the ICARUS.

ICARUS team conducted experiments using a 600 ton liquid argon-4300 to detect the arrival of neutrinos that is sent to depth of 730 km from CERN.

Reaffirms the findings, Sandro Centro, interpreter talk ICARUS team, revealed that the neutrino velocity with the speed of light, with little deviation.

"Now we're 100 percent sure that the speed of light is the speed of neutrinos," says Centro such as the BBC reported Friday.

According to the Centro, the controversial findings of the team OPERA is the fruit of Negligence in the study, as was admitted by the OPERA team in February 2012.

Nature reported on 22 February, OPERA menyakatan that measurement error can be caused by faulty connections that affect the results of GPS readings and OPERA master clock.

ICARUS The results of a little relief, especially for those who do not believe the results of research OPERA. Now, scientists can be certain that Einstein's theory has not been refuted.

Responding to these findings ICARUS, Antonio Ereditato who is a member of OPERA said, "These results are consistent with our recent findings that there are components that do not function in our experiments."

Asked if the team was disappointed with the latest results OPERA neutrino research, Ereditato said, "This is what the science works. Whatever it is, all the advances in our knowledge globally." (kompas.com)

HIV vaccine tested

Can HIV infection be prevented? This is a question whose answer will be sought by the central agency vectors virology and biotechnology in Russia. The agency is reported to have received funding from the Russian government to make a vaccine that can produce antibodies.

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"We have successfully completed the first phase of clinical trials of HIV vaccines," said the head of the agency, Alexander Sergeyev. The vaccine is now awaiting approval to be tested in the second stage.

Previously said the agency has developed the strongest and most advanced vaccine. If it's testing stages and success, it will be a new hope for people living with HIV / AIDS.

On 1 November, Russia has recorded 636 979 cases of HIV that began recording in 1987. The amount is almost doubled since 2006. A total of 104.257 patients died of HIV.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infects immune system cells and destroying or disabling the function. Virus infection that causes progressive damage to the immune system, weakens the body's ability to ward off infection and disease. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) refers to the advanced stage of HIV infection.

According to WHO, the number of people living with HIV continues to rise until it reaches 33.3 million people in 2009 with 2.6 million infections and 1.8 million live rock with a virus that subverted.

HIV / AIDS remains a significant challenge for the world, especially in countries with medium-to low-income. About 10 million people worldwide are infected with HIV and do not have access to adequate health care. (source)

When Java and Sumatra Separate

Experts have agreed that the island of Java to Sumatra had fused. Together Borneo, then form a plateau called the Great Sunda. The separation of Java and Sumatra are the result of plate movements are believed to Earth, though not a few who argued that the eruption of Mount Krakatoa as the cause of this separation.

Arguments supporting the separation of Java and Sumatra since the eruption of Krakatoa usually refers to the Library Raja Purwa, written by poet Java, Ronggowarsito, in 1869. In this book narrated, the eruption of Mount Kapi-later identified as Mount Krakatoa-the cause of the separation of Java and Sumatra. This incident mentioned occurred in the year 416 AD.

Photo : kompas.com

Researcher from Los Alamos National Laboratory (New Mexico), Ken Wohletz, including the support of the possibility of a major eruption of Krakatoa primordial to separate the island of Java and Sumatra. He made a simulation of super-eruption scenario. However, in contrast to Ronggowarsito, Ken said, the eruption was the possibility of tens of thousands of years ago.

Through carbon dating and radioactive, geologists ensure that Krakatoa erupted had some great times. "It seems that the formation of the Sunda Strait is not possible because a single large eruption, as written in the legend (Library Kings) it. At least two major periods in the Krakatoa eruption, but that's about hundreds or even thousands of years ago, not in the year 416 AD," said Zeilinga de Boer and Donald Theodore Volcanoes in Human Sannders in History, 2002.

Although the recording time Ronggowarsito about past eruptions of Krakatoa doubt its accuracy, these poets probably right about "separation" Java and Sumatra are strongly associated with the eruption of Krakatoa. However, the separation of Java and Sumatra likely not due to the eruption of Krakatoa. Conversely, Krakatau formed by splitting the two islands as a product of tectonic movements in the Earth.

Geologists from the Geological Museum, Indyo Pratomo, say, the separation of Java and Sumatra due to tectonic movements. "The island of Java and Sumatra, moving with different speeds and directions due to the Indo-Australian plate collision to the Euro-Asia. This difference causes the opening of a crack in the Earth, "says Indyo.

As Indyo, The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG) Surono also believes that the tectonic process forming Krakatoa. The island of Java, according to Surono, moving eastward with a speed of about 5 centimeters (cm) per year, while the island of Sumatra, moving toward the northeast at 7 cm per year. This process causes the island of Sumatra moved to the north and left the island of Java, thus opening up the Earth's crust in the Sunda Strait.

So far, Sumatra has been spun about 40 degrees compared to Java. Jelle Zeilinga and Donald Theodore mentions, half of this cycle occurs in two million years. This rotation causes the stretching between the two islands, a way for the melted rock, or magma, to exit along the fracture zone Krakatau, thus forming the body of the mountain from the sea floor.

Distribution of energy

Surono said, volcanic eruptions occur principally as a form of energy from below the Earth collected by the Earth's plate movements. Apart from a volcanic eruption, this energy can also be released in the form of earthquakes.

"The eruption of volcanoes and earthquakes are usually co-exist," he said. In Sumatra, the energy of plate movements more channeled in the form of high intensity earthquakes along the Great Sumatran Fault. "This condition causes no longer exists in Sumatra eruption a large-scale fire."

Toba Supervolcano eruption that changed the Earth, the last occurred about 74,000 years ago. "At that time, perhaps a large Sumatran fault condition is not as active now so that the accumulated energy is released in the form of the Toba volcanic eruption," said Surono.

By contrast, in Java, the intensity of earthquake ground is relatively small compared to Sumatra. However, the eruption of the fire is relatively more frequent. "Energy is collected from plate collision mostly distributed in the form of volcanic eruption due to ground fault in Java nothing major," he said.

What about Krakatoa located between two geological systems of Java and Sumatra, this different?

Krakatau is located at the hinge point between Java and Sumatra to be unique. Coupled with the existence of the ocean that surrounds this volcanic island, Krakatoa became very dangerous. In the event of leakage and sea water penetrates into the Earth to near the boiling magma pockets, a large eruption could occur. In fact, if there is a large eruption, the possibility of a tsunami is also very high.

The re-emergence of Anak Krakatau from the sea in the 1930s, after a major eruption in August 1883 and destroyed almost the entire body of this volcanic island, indicating that supply magma tectonic activity continues to occur. Will Anak Krakatau to be like "mother" that erupted great, sent a giant tsunami that killed more than 36,000 lives?

Geologist and author of popular books, Simon Winchester (2003), mentions, the processes that lead to the disastrous events of 1883 can not be stopped. During the process of plate subduction or subduction still occurs, so long energy supply and magma to Krakatoa will continue to accumulate.

The problem is, we will never know when and how strong the volcano will erupt. "If there is a tool that can predict volcanic eruptions would I buy all. Including the seller," Surono joked. "We can not fight nature. However, you can do is how we build a strong system of disaster mitigation and prepare people to continue to be vigilant," he continued.

souce: kompas.com

There is a Sea in Jupiter Moon

KOMPAS.com - Sea believed to exist on Europa, a moon around Jupiter. Similarly, astronomers reported on Wednesday a press conference at NASA (11/16/2011).

Europa was known as one of the satellites of Jupiter's other large, ie, Io, Ganymede and Collisto. Europa is the satellite that is located closest to Jupiter.

Belief in the ocean on Europa based on the data findings of the Galileo spacecraft to explore the year 1995 - 2003, and examined the surface of Jupiter's satellites.

Based on the captured image, astronomers find bizarre structures called 'chaotic terrain'. To explain the formation of topographic it, astronomers study how the same topography formed on Earth.

Astronomers found that the topography was probably formed by the heat from melting the ice in Europa near the surface, causing the upper part cracked or collapsed.

The analysis proves that the layer of ice on the surface of Europa is as thick as 10 km. Meanwhile, at the bottom there is a deep salt water lake about 3 km.

The findings are welcomed by experts astrobiology. This suggests that Europa meets two important requirements to support life, namely water and energy.

As is known, the evolution of early Earth suggests the need for energy to support life, one form of lightning. Over the past 3.8 billion years later, Earth is still dependent on solar energy.

"One opinion among scientists is that if the surface layer of thick ice did not interact with the ocean beneath it," said Britney Schmidt, an expert in geophysics at the University of Texas, Austin, USA.

"Now we find that although the ice was thick, but the energy that can be mixed well. This can make the Europa and oceans can be habitable," added Britney told AFP on Wednesday.

The study, also published in the journal Nature this further adds to wawsan about satellites of gas giant planets. Satellites of Saturn, Enceladus, is also suspected to have an ocean.

Despite its water and energy, indirect Europa can be inhabited. There are other life conditions, such as organic matter, which is not necessarily exist. Astronomers will make further exploration targets.

Sources: AFP

Life of the Ice Age Still Held in China

KOMPAS.com - Ice age is estimated to occur in the deepest caves in the "Bamboo Curtain Country" China. Hidden in the cave, fragments of the ice age Earth still survived. Although there is no surviving mammoth, but a small plant that represents an estimated 30,000 years ago is still there.

Daily Mail

Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Science and Natural History Museum of Britain said it had identified seven species of nettle of Guaxi and Yunnan Province. Nettle or in English is called poison ivy is kind of fluffy plant that can cause itchy skin.

Should be in the provinces there are tropical plants. However, seven species are found to be similar to the tropical plants. Nettle is found in dark places, where the rare sunshine.

Facts, the possibility of nettles to be able to live in darkness only 0.02 percent. It is extremely unlikely to happen in this day and age ehingga possible ice age is still going on in the cave.

Environment that allows this kind of nettles can live is in the ice age. Goa and nettles are the remnants of ice age life that still exists on this planet.

In addition, there are other possibilities that allow this to happen, namely the evolution of the nettle. However, the age of the cave is only one million years which means that the evolution of the nettle occur very rapidly.

Researchers say that this is an example of a very rapid evolution, they will investigate this immediately. (National Geographic Indonesia)

Discovered, risk of Asteroid Hit the Earth

KOMPAS.com - NASA has identified a 90 percent risk of a giant asteroid hit the Earth, including an asteroid which is expected to lead to disasters like that caused the extinction of dinosaurs.

However, it turns out none of these asteroids threatening Earth in the next few centuries. "We now know where they are and where they go. This really reduces our risk for the hit," said Amy Mainser of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.

One of the largest giant asteroid has a diameter of 1,000 meters. The number of giant asteroids found there are 911 pieces of fruit that there are an estimated 981.

In addition to successfully identify 90 percent of a giant asteroid, NASA also found out that the asteroid-asteroid-sized amount to 44 percent less than expected. Scientists have discovered that could destroy the asteroid is a metropolitan city. However, fewer affirmed that does not mean there is no threat. "Fewer not mean nothing. There is still much to be discovered out there," said Mainser as quoted by AP.

Previously estimated there are about 30,000 medium-sized asteroids. However, recent calculations have only about 19,500 asteroids. The number of asteroids with a diameter of 100-1000 meters have been found at this time there are 5200 pieces.

The latest information on the number of asteroids is derived from spacecraft observations Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), launched in 2009. Spacecraft is tasked to find near-Earth objects, galaxies, stars and other cosmic objects targets. Unlike any other spacecraft, WISE can detect light and dark objects so that it can provide more accurate data.

WISE sampled asteroids of various sizes, and estimate the actual number of existing populations. WISE is not equipped with a sensing device the size of a mini asteroid millions of potentially hit the Earth.

Currently, WISE were in a state of "hibernation" or no activity detect any near-Earth objects. With the success of identifying asteroids, NASA managed to achieve the target set by Congress in 1998. Currently, NASA set a target to find 90 percent of existing asteroids measuring about 150 meters. It is said, the project was already running 35 percent.

Sources: AP

Origins of Human Language

It can not be denied again if language is a means or intermediary for humans to communicate with each other in their daily life.

Through language, we can know if someone like, hate, happy or angry with us, through language, we also can know someone's personality, as well as the language of science and technology is developing rapidly.

There is interesting information that I get when reading one article on page kompas.com, namely about the origins of human language. Science Magazine, 15 April 2011 edition mentions that the language used by humans for the first emerged in southern Africa, then spread to all corners of the world.

Based on studies conducted Quentin Atkinson, a researcher from the University of Auckland, New Zealand searching for a track record of world's languages.

Quentin to do research on how to break the 504 language into phonemes, the smallest component in a language. Phonemes derived from the Latin, phonema, meaning the spoken voice. The more variety of phonemes in one language, the language will become the source of another language have fewer phonemes.

Quentin research also concluded that the further a community or group human traveled from Africa in historical track record, then the less well used phonemes in their language.

That is, the languages ​​in South America and the Pacific Islands have fewer phonemes, whereas in African languages ​​more.

The pattern of spread of this language, it has similarities with the study of genetic research or joint. As is known in the general rule, the farther a person out of Africa, which is widely regarded as the origin of human ancestors, the smaller the difference between individuals in the population of the individual groups when compared with the diversity in the region of origin, Africa.

Quentin study is to apply the same cutting-edge statistical methods to contruct genetic tree based on DNA sequence. Regarding the use of this method in finding the source of human language, a linguist, Brian D Joseph from the University of Ohio, said, as a source of new insights in the study in its field.

"I think we're supposed to be watching this case very seriously even though there are still those who would reject it," said Joseph.

Atkinson's study is unique because it tries to find the root language of a very ancient time. About the age of the language was still being debated because on the other side while the fact was found that the language has reached the age of 50,000 years.

However, on the other hand some other linguists are still skeptical of the facts in the meantime. They found another factor that is the development of words very quickly so that the possibility of language itself does not age more than 10,000 years. (kepri online/kabar kepri)

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